Everyday life for Parisians became increasingly difficult during the siege. [19], Between 11 and 19 January 1871, the French armies had been defeated on four fronts and Paris was facing a famine. Word of the shooting spread quickly, and members of the National Guard from all over the neighbourhood, along with others including Clemenceau, hurried to the site to confront the soldiers. This was aimed particularly at Pierre Tirard, the republican mayor of the 2nd arrondissement, who had been elected to both Commune and National Assembly. Les élections législatives du 8 février, organisées dans la précipitation pour ratifier au plus vite l'armistice, envoient une forte proportion de monarchistes (400 députés), candidats des listes « pour la paix », à l'Assemblée nationale. [20], At midday on 22 January, three or four hundred National Guards and members of radical groups—mostly Blanquists—gathered outside the Hôtel de Ville. À peine plus nombreux sont les « radicaux », partisans de l'autonomie municipale et d'une république démocratique et sociale, tels Arthur Arnould, Charles Amouroux, Victor Clément et Jules Bergeret. This was defeated by a strike organised by the International. Les propositions d'échange de l'archevêque contre Auguste Blanqui, détenu par le gouvernement d'Adolphe Thiers, sont repoussées par celui-ci le 12 avril, puis le 14 mai. At the news that the government had failed to have the cannons seized he wrote in his diary, "He touched off the fuse to the powder keg. On the morning of 22 May, bells rang around the city, and Delescluze, as delegate for war of the Commune, issued a proclamation, posted all over Paris: In the name of this glorious France, mother of all the popular revolutions, permanent home of the ideas of justice and solidarity which should be and will be the laws of the world, march at the enemy, and may your revolutionary energy show him that someone can sell Paris, but no one can give it up, or conquer it! Cette période permet à l'armée versaillaise de se renforcer. When the echoes of the last shots have ceased, it will take a great deal of gentleness to heal the million people suffering nightmares, those who have emerged, shivering from the fire and massacre. The policy of holding hostages for possible reprisals was denounced by some defenders of the Commune, including Victor Hugo, in a poem entitled "No Reprisals" published in Brussels on 21 April. General Cissey resumed the intense bombardment of the fort. Courbet was elected to the Council of the Commune on 16 April, after the decision to tear down the column had already been made. The trial of Gustave Cluseret, the former commander, was still going on at the Commune when they received the message from General Dombrowski that the army was inside the city. The Paris Commune sent delegates to the large cities to encourage them. Les Amies et Amis de la Commune de Paris (1871) Créée en 1882 par les communards de retour d’exil, l’association des Amies et Amis de la Commune de Paris (1871) est la plus ancienne des organisations du mouvement ouvrier français. Sur les 10 137 condamnations prononcées contradictoirement, on compte 95 condamnations à mort, 251 aux travaux forcés à vie ou à temps, 4 586 à la déportation (dont 1 169 en enceinte fortifiée et 3 417 en Nouvelle-Calédonie[75], dont Louise Michel[78]), 1 247 à la réclusion perpétuelle et 3 359 à des peines de prison variables. Nine of the winners were Blanquists (some of whom were also from the International); twenty-five, including Delescluze and Pyat, classified themselves as "Independent Revolutionaries"; about fifteen were from the International; the rest were from a variety of radical groups. ), sont liés aux combats de rue, aux tirs d'artillerie, autant fédérés que versaillais. Trials were held for 15,895 prisoners, of whom 13,500 were found guilty. L'Assemblée nouvellement élue et où dominent les monarchistes attise les tensions. The regular French Army in Paris, under General Trochu's command, had only 50,000 professional soldiers of the line; the majority of the French first-line soldiers were prisoners of war, or trapped in Metz, surrounded by the Germans. While the formation of the new government was taking place inside the Hôtel de Ville, however, units of the National Guard and the Garde Mobile loyal to General Trochu arrived and recaptured the building without violence. C'est l'amorce de la « Commune ». Vive la Commune! In the morning, the regular army captured La Roquette prison and freed the remaining 170 hostages. Gustave Cluseret devient délégué à la Guerre (remplacé le 1er mai par Louis Rossel, lui-même remplacé le 10 mai par Charles Delescluze) ; Eugène Protot est délégué à la Justice ; Auguste Viard est délégué aux Subsistances ; Édouard Vaillant à l'Enseignement ; Raoul Rigault à la Sûreté générale (où il sera remplacé le 24 avril par Frédéric Cournet, puis le 13 mai par Théophile Ferré) ; Léo Fränkel est nommé au Travail, à l'Industrie et aux Échanges ; Jules Andrieu aux Travaux publics. La répression contre les communards est impitoyable et féroce[61]. En réponse aux actes des Versaillais, celle-ci vote, le 5 avril, le décret des otages (trois otages fusillés pour un communard exécuté), qui ne sera mis en application que pendant la Semaine sanglante, fin mai. Le 2 avril, la Commune décrète la séparation de l'Église (catholique) et de l'État, la suppression du budget des cultes et la sécularisation des biens des congrégations religieuses. Il n'y a que 25 exécutés, dont Théophile Ferré et Louis Rossel, fusillés à Satory le 28 novembre 1871[75]. Ferré was sentenced to death, and Courbet was sentenced to six months in prison, and later ordered to pay the cost of rebuilding the column. La Commune de Paris fut l’un des plus grands épisodes de l’histoire de la classe ouvrière française. [114] In a series of powerful pamphlets, he defended the Commune and the First International against the Italian nationalist Giuseppe Mazzini, thereby winning over many Italian republicans to the International and the cause of revolutionary socialism. Am 4. Il s'agit aussi de changer l'état d'esprit de ces agents publics recrutés sous le Second Empire. Selon certaines interprétations, dont celle de l'historien Henri Guillemin, ce gouvernement issu de la classe dominante aurait surtout œuvré à signer la capitulation et à faire accepter la défaite aux Français dans le but d'enrayer la menace du socialisme parisien, qui sans l'aide des Allemands aurait été incontrôlable[2],[3]. While clear that Communards set some of the fires, the reports of women participating in it was overly exaggerated at the time. Par un patriote comtois, Imprimerie et Lithographie de J. Jacquin, 1872. Détournée temporairement par la crise du 16 mai 1877, l'attention sur la question de l'amnistie se pose de nouveau en 1879. Une sculpture représentant une main qui tient une paire de cerises se trouve devant le groupe scolaire du Temps des cerises. ", Edwin Child, a young Londoner working in Paris, noted that during the Commune, "the women behaved like tigresses, throwing petroleum everywhere and distinguishing themselves by the fury with which they fought". Paris was the traditional home of French radical movements. The first reaction of many of the National Guard was to find someone to blame, and Dombrowski was the first to be accused. Selon l'historien Samuel Bernstein (en), « aucun thème économique ou politique [...], à l'exception de la corruption gouvernementale, n'a reçu plus de gros titres dans la presse américaine des années 1870 que la Commune de Paris »[40]. Les conditions de vie des ouvriers sont particulièrement dures. The National Guard still held parts of the 3rd arrondissment, from the Carreau du Temple to the Arts-et-Metiers, and the National Guard still had artillery at their strongpoints at the Buttes-Chaumont and Père-Lachaise, from which they continued to bombard the regular army forces along the Canal Saint-Martin. Après l'arrêt des combats contre les Prussiens, elle renonce à revenir à Paris et quitte Bordeaux pour... Versailles, la ville royale ! Tout cela, en Chine, on n’y pense pas. He asked for reinforcements and proposed an immediate counterattack. She was arrested as an incendiary, but there is no documentation that she was a pétroleuse (female incendiary). On the same day, having had little success fighting the army, units of national guardsmen began to take revenge by burning public buildings symbolising the government. The extreme-left members of the Central Committee, led by the Blanquists, demanded an immediate march on Versailles to disperse the Thiers government and to impose their authority on all of France; but the majority first wanted to establish a more solid base of legal authority in Paris. Le Second Empireest terminé. Tel est notamment le cas de Léon Gambetta, Jules Ferry, Jules Grévy qui évoque « un gouvernement factieux », Jules Favre « une poignée de scélérats ». Cependant ils disposent de près de 500 000 fusils. Plusieurs photographes documentent la Commune de Paris, dont Bruno Braquehais dans sa série de La Chute de la colonne Vendôme. [26], Early in the morning of 18 March, two brigades of soldiers climbed the butte of Montmartre, where the largest collection of cannons, 170 in number, were located. They were also unaware that Marshal Patrice MacMahon, the future commander of the forces against the Commune, had just arrived at his home in Paris, having just been released from imprisonment in Germany. Alors que la convention d'armistice n'autorise que 40 000 soldats français en région parisienne, Bismarck libère rapidement près de 60 000 prisonniers de guerre qui peuvent s'adjoindre aux 12 000 soldats dont dispose Thiers. [8], During the war and the siege of Paris, various members of the middle- and upper-classes departed the city; at the same time there was an influx of refugees from parts of France occupied by the Germans. "[104] He became the most vocal advocate of an amnesty for exiled Communards, finally granted in the 1880s. Clemenceau tried to negotiate a compromise between the Commune and the government, but neither side trusted him; he was considered extremely radical by the provincial deputies of rural France, but too moderate by the leaders of the Commune. Selon Kristin Ross, les artisans d'art ont joué un rôle important dans la commune de Paris et on compta 10 000 détenus plus tard parmi eux[35](pp.
Hans Im Glück Abholen, Jennifer Lopez Interviews You Tube, Death In Paradise Wikipedia Episodes, Bußgeldkatalog 2021 Rechner, Werder Bremen Auswärts Trikot 20/21, Erling Haaland Schwester Alter, Temptation Island Vip Songs 2020, Amelia Bullmore Coronation Street, Assumptions Structural Equation Modeling, Claire Danes 2021,