[201] It promised the protection of church rights, protection from illegal imprisonment, access to swift justice, new taxation only with baronial consent and limitations on scutage and other feudal payments. “Whenever the history books are kept, they’ll call him the phony King of England.” So goes the lyrics for “Phony King of England” from Disney’s animated Robin Hood film. Accompanied by William de Roches, his seneschal in Anjou, he swung his mercenary army rapidly south to protect her. John's mother Eleanor died the following month. Civil war broke out shortly afterwards, with the barons aided by Louis VIII of France. He was abroad most of his life and was only in England about a year or a little more in his short and glorious life. [9] John was supported by the bulk of the English and Norman nobility and was crowned at Westminster Abbey, backed by his mother, Eleanor. Owen in 1936 floated the idea that Robin Hood might be identified with an outlawed Robert Hood, or Hod, or Hobbehod, all apparently the same man, referred to in nine successive Yorkshire Pipe Rolls between 1226 and 1234. The story was set in 13th century England, and Robin Hood was the alias of Robin of Locksley and an Earl. Mar 13, 2016 - Oscar Isaac as Prince/King John in Robin Hood (2010) In 1795, Joseph Ritson published an enormously influential edition of the Robin Hood ballads Robin Hood: A collection of all the Ancient Poems Songs and Ballads now extant, relative to that celebrated Outlaw. Ritson's interpretation of Robin Hood was also influential, having influenced the modern concept of stealing from the rich and giving to the poor as it exists today. [198] This self-proclaimed "Army of God" marched on London, taking the capital as well as Lincoln and Exeter. 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[187] The failure of John's French military campaign in 1214 was probably the final straw that precipitated the baronial uprising during John's final years as king; James Holt describes the path to civil war as "direct, short and unavoidable" following the defeat at Bouvines. In the 19th century, the Robin Hood legend was first specifically adapted for children. [251] Bradbury takes a moderate line, but suggests that in recent years modern historians have been overly lenient towards John's numerous faults. [51] With Arthur's army pressing up the Loire Valley towards Angers and Philip's forces moving down the valley towards Tours, John's continental empire was in danger of being cut in two. [35] Other scholars have by contrast stressed the subversive aspects of the legend, and see in the medieval Robin Hood ballads a plebeian literature hostile to the feudal order. Galbraith, pp. Dobson and Taylor (1997), "Rhymes of Robyn Hood", p. 204. [80][81] This was adapted into French by Alexandre Dumas in Le Prince des Voleurs (1872) and Robin Hood Le Proscrit (1873). These plays drew on a variety of sources, including apparently "A Gest of Robin Hood", and were influential in fixing the story of Robin Hood to the period of Richard I. Stephen Thomas Knight has suggested that Munday drew heavily on Fulk Fitz Warin, a historical 12th century outlawed nobleman and enemy of King John, in creating his Robin Hood. [221] Modern historians assert that by October 1216 John faced a "stalemate", "a military situation uncompromised by defeat". The King couldn't stop running, lost his balance, and fell into a pond. Dobson and Taylor, "Rhymes of Robin Hood", pp. [171] When this threat failed, Innocent excommunicated the King in November 1209. [116] In the Norman period, suffering the King's ill-will meant difficulties in obtaining grants, honours or petitions; Henry II had infamously expressed his fury and ill-will towards Thomas Becket, which ultimately resulted in Becket's death. The church was built in the late eleventh century by Robert de Lacy, the 2nd Baron of Pontefract. Robin Hood (1973 Movie) Prince John. (2007) "John and the Church of Rome," in Church (ed) 2007. [124] Notably, the Lincoln Cathedral Manuscript, which is the first officially recorded Robin Hood song (dating from approximately 1420), makes an explicit reference to the outlaw that states that "Robyn hode in scherewode stod". [110], David Baldwin identifies Robin Hood with the historical outlaw Roger Godberd, who was a die-hard supporter of Simon de Montfort, which would place Robin Hood around the 1260s. In it, the character Valentine is banished from Milan and driven out through the forest where he is approached by outlaws who, upon meeting him, desire him as their leader. Early medieval financial figures have no easy contemporary equivalent, due to the different role of money in the economy. Pepe Antonio Munoz. King Rufus: The Life and Murder of William II of England. [40], It is from the association with the May Games that Robin's romantic attachment to Maid Marian (or Marion) apparently stems. It is inserted after Fordun's account of the defeat of Simon de Montfort and the punishment of his adherents, and is entered under the year 1266 in Bower's account. Robin walked up the the King, carrying his sword over his shoulder. [144] Philip seized the initiative in 1213, sending his elder son, Louis, to invade Flanders with the intention of next launching an invasion of England. They favoured Reginald, the chapter's sub-prior. [45] Clorinda survives in some later stories as an alias of Marian.[46]. [192] Shortly afterwards, King Philip won the hard-fought battle of Bouvines in the north against Otto and John's other allies, bringing an end to John's hopes of retaking Normandy. John hoped to acquire Normandy, Anjou and the other lands in France held by Richard in exchange for allying himself with Philip. [167] He barred Langton from entering England and seized the lands of the archbishopric and other papal possessions. Medieval chroniclers provided the first contemporary, or near contemporary, histories of John's reign. His partisanship of the common people and his hostility to the Sheriff of Nottingham are early recorded features of the legend, but his interest in the rightfulness of the king is not, and neither is his setting in the reign of Richard I. [137] John adopted recent improvements in ship design, including new large transport ships called buisses and removable forecastles for use in combat. The castle consisted of a two-storey keep standing in one of two contiguous moated enclosures, with a third enclosure to the southeast and a domus regis or king’s house. [212] John took back Alexander's possessions in northern England in a rapid campaign and pushed up towards Edinburgh over a ten-day period. [53] Henry VIII himself with eleven of his nobles had impersonated "Robyn Hodes men" as part of his "Maying" in 1510. [171] Two of John's close allies, Emperor Otto IV and Count Raymond VI of Toulouse, had already suffered the same punishment themselves, and the significance of excommunication had been somewhat devalued. Though local folklore suggests that Robin is buried in the grounds of Kirklees Priory, this theory has now largely been abandoned by professional historians. However, she betrayed him, his health worsened, and he eventually died there. [8] It was unclear what would happen to the empire on Henry's death. [14] John spent some time as a member of the household of his eldest living brother Henry the Young King, where he probably received instruction in hunting and military skills. Duffy, Sean. English kings had widespread feudal rights which could be used to generate income, including the scutage system, in which feudal military service was avoided by a cash payment to the King. Dobson and Taylor (1997), "Rhymes of Robyn Hood", p. 215. John unsuccessfully attempted a rebellion against the royal administrators of his brother, King Richard, whilst Richard was participating in the Third Crusade, but he was proclaimed king after Richard died in 1199. Bevington, David. While the precise meaning of this term changed over time, including free retainers of an aristocrat and small landholders, it always referred to commoners. Though he is referenced often as a villainous offscreen character, masterminding all the schemes to kill Richard, throughout the series, he does not appear in person until he arrives in Nottingham in the episode "Do You Love Me?". Robin is forced to become an outlaw by the evil King John… [249], Most historians today, including John's recent biographers Ralph Turner and Lewis Warren, argue that John was an unsuccessful monarch, but note that his failings were exaggerated by 12th- and 13th-century chroniclers. [31][32] But from the beginning Robin Hood is on the side of the poor; the Gest quotes Robin Hood as instructing his men that when they rob: Within Robin Hood's band, medieval forms of courtesy rather than modern ideals of equality are generally in evidence. [71], In his preface to the collection, Ritson assembled an account of Robin Hood's life from the various sources available to him, and concluded that Robin Hood was born in around 1160, and thus had been active in the reign of Richard I. [23] After this comes "Robin Hood and the Potter",[24] contained in a manuscript of c. 1503. But let the rightful wearer beware. [51] The play identifies Robin Hood as Robert, Earl of Huntingdon, following in Richard Grafton's association of Robin Hood with the gentry,[17] and identifies Maid Marian with "one of the semi-mythical Matildas persecuted by King John". Was he a … [134] A commemorative Blue Plaque has been placed on the bridge that crosses the River Went by Wakefield City Council. Angoulême and Limoges were strategically located counties that had traditionally exercised a high degree of autonomy. [100][nb 12] John created a new tax on income and movable goods in 1207 – effectively a version of a modern income tax – that produced £60,000; he created a new set of import and export duties payable directly to the Crown. [94] John's reforms were less popular with the barons themselves, especially as they remained subject to arbitrary and frequently vindictive royal justice.[94]. [188], In 1214 John began his final campaign to reclaim Normandy from Philip. The failed Magna Carta agreement was resuscitated by Marshal's administration and reissued in an edited form in 1217 as a basis for future government. Written around the year 1460 by a monk in Latin, it says: Following this, John Major mentions Robin Hood within his Historia Majoris Britanniæ (1521), casting him in a positive light by mentioning his and his followers' aversion to bloodshed and ethos of only robbing the wealthy; Major also fixed his floruit not to the mid-13th century but the reigns of Richard I of England and his brother, King John. [64] These broadside ballads were in some cases newly fabricated but were mostly adaptations of the older verse narratives. [120] De Braose died in exile in 1211, and his grandsons remained in prison until 1218. People have been hearing and telling stories about this lincoln green-clad outlaw for centuries and with good reason. John died of dysentery contracted whilst on campaign in eastern England during late 1216; supporters of his son Henry III went on to achieve victory over Louis and the rebel barons the following year. [44] Fighting broke out in England between forces loyal to Richard and those being gathered by John. He lost the Duchy of Normandy and most of his other French lands to King Philip II of France, resulting in the collapse of the Angevin Empire and contributing to the subsequent growth in power of the French Capetian dynasty during the 13th century. [241], By the Victorian period in the 19th century, historians were more inclined to draw on the judgements of the chroniclers and to focus on John's moral personality. [147] The fact that the earliest Robin Hood type place-names originated in West Yorkshire is deemed to be historically significant because, generally, place-name evidence originates from the locality where legends begin. [151][nb 16] John made no efforts to reinvigorate the Treaty of Falaise, though, and William and his son Alexander II of Scotland in turn remained independent kings, supported by, but not owing fealty to, John. [47] Richard's policy on the continent was to attempt to regain through steady, limited campaigns the castles he had lost to Philip II whilst on crusade. John was said to be a bad king, but Richard wasn't as great as the tales say. The following year, he was called "Hobbehod", and also came to known as "Robert Hood". [56] Feudal levies could be raised only for a fixed length of time before they returned home, forcing an end to a campaign; mercenary forces, often called Brabançons after the Duchy of Brabant but actually recruited from across northern Europe, could operate all year long and provide a commander with more strategic options to pursue a campaign, but cost much more than equivalent feudal forces. [162] Pope Innocent was, according to historian Ralph Turner, an "ambitious and aggressive" religious leader, insistent on his rights and responsibilities within the church. [59] It has had little impact on the Robin Hood tradition but earns mention as the work of a major dramatist. [64] John was unwilling to weaken his authority in western France in this way. When war with France broke out again in 1202, John achieved early victories, but shortages of military resources and his treatment of Norman, Breton, and Anjou nobles resulted in the collapse of his empire in northern France in 1204. This page was last edited on 30 March 2021, at 21:38. The first explicit statement to the effect that Robin Hood habitually robbed from the rich to give the poor can be found in John Stow's Annales of England (1592), about a century after the publication of the Gest. 43, 44, and 223. [12] Eleanor then left for Poitiers, the capital of Aquitaine, and sent John and his sister Joan north to Fontevrault Abbey. (2003). [213] Philip may have provided him with private support but refused to openly support Louis, who was excommunicated by Innocent for taking part in the war against John. (2000), Loewenstein, David and Janel M. Mueller. Hunter's theory has long been recognised to have serious problems, one of the most serious being that recent research has shown that Hunter's Robyn Hood had been employed by the king before he appeared in the 1323 court roll, thus casting doubt on this Robyn Hood's supposed earlier career as outlaw and rebel.[115]. Largely a paraphrase of the Gest, it also contains material revealing that the author was familiar with early versions of a number of the Robin Hood broadside ballads. The King named his four-year-old nephew Arthur as his heir. These include his lover, Maid Marian, his band of outlaws, the Merry Men, and his chief opponent, the Sheriff of Nottingham. War and Government in the Middle Ages: Essays in Honour of J. O. Prestwich. Photography Subjects. [107] At those times when John was preparing for campaigns in Normandy, for example, huge quantities of silver had to be withdrawn from the economy and stored for months, which unintentionally resulted in periods during which silver coins were simply hard to come by, commercial credit difficult to acquire and deflationary pressure placed on the economy. [4][223] Numerous – probably fictitious – accounts circulated soon after his death that he had been killed by poisoned ale, poisoned plums or a "surfeit of peaches". In twelfth-century England, Robin Longstride and his band of marauders confront corruption in a local village and lead an uprising against the crown that will forever alter the balance of world power. [108] Perhaps not coincidentally, a "Robertus Hod" is mentioned in records among the holdouts at Ely. 10–11; Turner, p. 193. Robin Hood took one step to his left. The eastern border region of Normandy had been extensively cultivated by Philip and his predecessors for several years, whilst Angevin authority in the south had been undermined by Richard's giving away of various key castles some years before. The 1976 British-American film Robin and Marian, starring Sean Connery as Robin Hood and Audrey Hepburn as Maid Marian, portrays the figures in later years after Robin has returned from service with Richard the Lionheart in a foreign crusade and Marian has gone into seclusion in a nunnery. A Neolithic causewayed enclosure on Salisbury Plain has acquired the name Robin Hood's Ball, although had Robin Hood existed it is doubtful that he would have travelled so far south. See Richard Utz, "Robin Hood, Frenched", in: Medieval Afterlives in Popular Culture, ed. [59] Both sides paused for desultory negotiations before the war recommenced; John's position was now stronger, thanks to confirmation that the counts Baldwin IX of Flanders and Renaud of Boulogne had renewed the anti-French alliances they had previously agreed to with Richard. John's predecessors had ruled using the principle of vis et voluntas ("force and will"), taking executive and sometimes arbitrary decisions, often justified on the basis that a king was above the law. He is never going to be a hero in his story, but then again, he is not nearly as villainous or pure evil either. [220] Accounts of the incident vary considerably between the various chroniclers and the exact location of the incident has never been confirmed; the losses may have involved only a few of his pack-horses. [140][141] Local legend suggests that Robin Hood and Maid Marion were married at the church. ", "Robin Hood: a collection of all the ancient poems, songs and ballads, now extant, relative to that celebrated English outlaw", "Robin Hood: Development of a Popular Hero, "Wolfshead through the Ages Revolutions and Romanticism", Wolfshead through the Ages Films and Fantasy, "Students Allied Themselves With Robin Hood During This Anti-McCarthyism Movement", "The Inspiration For Disney's Robin Hood Wasn't Actually Robin Hood", "Home - The Sherwood Forest Trust Nottinghamshire", "BBC – Nottingham 360 Images – Where to go : Inside the Major Oak", "Details from listed building database (1151464)", "According to Ancient Custom: Research on the possible Origins and Purpose of Thynghowe Sherwood Forest", The Story of Robin Hood and His Merrie Men, Tom and Jerry: Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse, Conquests of the Longbow: The Legend of Robin Hood, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robin_Hood&oldid=1017496691, Articles containing Middle English (1100-1500)-language text, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB, Articles with dead external links from December 2017, Articles with permanently dead external links, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018, Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Articles prone to spam from November 2014, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Robert Hood who is documented as having lived in the city of, "Robyn Hode" who is recorded as being employed by. Travel tips for visiting King John’s Palace The ruins stand on a field in King’s Clipstone and are actually on private land … This includes a dramatic version of the story of Robin Hood and the Curtal Friar and a version of the first part of the story of Robin Hood and the Potter. The baronial revolt at the end of John's reign led to the sealing of Magna Carta, a document sometimes considered an early step in the evolution of the constitution of the United Kingdom. [44] John's military position was weak and he agreed to a truce; in early 1194 the King finally returned to England, and John's remaining forces surrendered. Hilton, R. H., The Origins of Robin Hood, This page was last edited on 13 April 2021, at 02:45. King John had far more trouble with Anglophobic or Francophile barons and clergy than from 'Saxon' peasants. De Roches was a powerful Anjou noble, but John largely ignored him, causing considerable offence, whilst the King kept the rebel leaders in such bad conditions that twenty-two of them died. Robin was ill and staying at the Priory where the Prioress was supposedly caring for him. [33], The political and social assumptions underlying the early Robin Hood ballads have long been controversial. [104], At the start of John's reign there was a sudden change in prices, as bad harvests and high demand for food resulted in much higher prices for grain and animals. Borthowick Institute of Historical Research, St Anthony's Hall, York: R.III. [99] In many cases these were levied in the absence of any actual military campaign, which ran counter to the original idea that scutage was an alternative to actual military service. In Henry IV part 1 Act 3 scene 3, Falstaff refers to Maid Marian implying she is a by-word for unwomanly or unchaste behaviour. [52] The plays are complex in plot and form, the story of Robin Hood appearing as a play-within-a-play presented at the court of Henry VIII and written by the poet, priest and courtier John Skelton. Robin Hood’s Garland (c.1790) Usually, most Robin Hood stories involve Prince John attempting to seize the throne of England from his brother, Richard I, with Robin, of course, playing a part in trying to stop him. There he became friends with the young prince John – the same John Lackland who would later become king. [225] A new sarcophagus with an effigy was made for him in 1232, in which his remains now rest. (2007) "The Revenues of King John and Philip Augustus Revisited," in Church (ed) 2007. [32], When Richard became king in September 1189, he had already declared his intention of joining the Third Crusade. [32] He set about raising the huge sums of money required for this expedition through the sale of lands, titles and appointments, and attempted to ensure that he would not face a revolt while away from his empire. [74] Philip moved south around the new defensive line and struck upwards at the heart of the Duchy, now facing little resistance. [26] The two attacked the capital of Poitiers, and Richard responded by attacking Brittany. The 2010 movie version Robin Hood, did not include a Saracen character. [69] The annals of Margam Abbey suggest that "John had captured Arthur and kept him alive in prison for some time in the castle of Rouen ... when John was drunk he slew Arthur with his own hand and tying a heavy stone to the body cast it into the Seine. [186] For some the appointment of Peter des Roches as justiciar was an important factor, as he was considered an "abrasive foreigner" by many of the barons. Dobson and Taylor, "Rhymes of Robyn Hood", p. 286. Jonson's only pastoral drama, it was written in sophisticated verse and included supernatural action and characters. A. M. (2007) "John King of England and the King of the Scots," in Church (ed) 2007. (2007) "King John and the Norman Aristocracy," in Church (ed) 2007. [26] Henry II moved in support of Richard, and Henry the Young King died from dysentery at the end of the campaign. The first clear reference to "rhymes of Robin Hood" is from the alliterative poem Piers Plowman, thought to have been composed in the 1370s, followed shortly afterwards by a quotation of a later common proverb, "many men speak of Robin Hood and never shot his bow", in Friar Daw's Reply (c.1402) and a complaint in Dives and Pauper (1405-1410) that people would rather listen to "tales and songs of Robin Hood" than attend Mass.
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