[3] Despite various cutbacks after 1966, expenditure on services such as education and health was still much higher as a proportion of national wealth than in 1964. Andrew is correct to be sceptical, and there remains limited evidence of a 'plot' if a plot is defined as a tightly organised high-level conspiracy with a detailed plan. in David Loades, ed., Blick, Andrew. Although national rates of unemployment were higher in 1970 than in the early 1960s, unemployment rates in the development areas were lower and had not increased for three years. In May 1974, when back in office as leader of a minority government, Wilson condemned the Unionist-controlled Ulster Workers Council Strike as a "sectarian strike", which was "being done for sectarian purposes having no relation to this century but only to the seventeenth century". Also implemented was an investment income surcharge which raised the top rate on investment income to 98%, the highest level since the Second World War. The DEA itself was wound up in 1969. Labour's 1974 manifesto included a pledge to renegotiate terms for Britain's membership and then hold a referendum on whether to stay in the EC on the new terms. This policy operated with reasonable success for the next few years, and brought inflation down to single figures by 1978. Gaitskell died in January 1963, just as the Labour Party had begun to unite and appeared to have a very good chance of winning the next election, with the Macmillan Government running into trouble. [22] He conducted an inquiry into the Labour Party's organisation following its defeat in the 1955 general election, which compared Labour's organisation to an antiquated "penny farthing" bicycle, and made various recommendations for improvements. [3] När han 1947 blev handelsminister (formellt ordförande för handelsstyrelsen) i Clement Attlees regering var han med sina 31 år den yngste i kabinettet sedan William Pitt den yngre 1792. Following Wilson's return to power, the renegotiations with Britain's fellow EC members were carried out by Wilson himself in tandem with Foreign Secretary James Callaghan, and they toured the capital cities of Europe meeting their European counterparts. The legislation increased the amount that could be paid to surviving spouses if a will had not been left, and also expanded upon the jurisdiction of county courts, which were given the jurisdiction of high courts under certain circumstances when handling matters of estate. 1964, als Großbritannien den neuen Premierminister Harold Wilson begrüßt, hört Elizabeth Gerüchte, dass Wilson unter dem Decknamen "Olding" für den KGB arbeitet. (The rationale proposed by its economist authors derived largely from claims about potential economies of scale and technological progress, but Wilson in his memoirs stressed the tax's revenue-raising potential.) [45] By 1981, 45,000 students had received degrees through the Open University. Costing £70,000, the statue, designed by sculptor Ian Walters, is based on photographs taken in 1964 and depicts Wilson in walking pose at the start of his first term as prime minister. Wilson declined to intervene in Rhodesia with military force, believing the British population would not support such action against their "kith and kin". The others were Douglas Jay (Economic Secretary to the Treasury) and Hugh Gaitskell (Minister of Fuel and Power), both of whom soon grew to distrust him. In response to a request from the Government of Northern Ireland, Wilson agreed to deploy the British Army in August 1969 to restore the peace. [114] Heath and the Conservatives had attacked Wilson over the economy. A policy was introduced in 1965 whereby any new government organisation should be established outside London and in 1967 the government decided to give preference to development areas. He was instrumental as prime minister in appointing Claus Moser as head of the Central Statistical Office, and was president of the Royal Statistical Society in 1972–73. When Labour Leader Hugh Gaitskell died suddenly in January 1963, Wilson won the subsequent leadership election to replace him, becoming Leader of the Opposition. Critics claimed that Wilson acted to solicit votes for the next general election (which took place less than a year later), but defenders noted that, since the minimum voting age at that time was 21, this was hardly likely to impact many of the Beatles' fans who at that time were predominantly teenagers. [57] In addition, medical training was expanded following the Todd Report on medical education in 1968. [citation needed]. James Harold Wilson, Baron Wilson of Rievaulx, KG, OBE, PC, FRS, FSS (11 March 1916 – 24 May 1995) was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom twice, from October 1964 to June 1970, and again from March 1974 to April 1976. Among the more challenging political dilemmas Wilson faced was the issue of British membership of the European Community, the forerunner of the present European Union. His political commitment included assigning implementation responsibility to Baroness Lee, the widow of Aneurin Bevan. [80] Across his two periods in office, Wilson presided over significant increases in the overall tax burden in the UK. [33], It is perhaps best remembered for the liberal social reforms introduced or supported by Home Secretary Roy Jenkins. ", Dockrill, Saki. Other features of this persona included his working man's Gannex raincoat, his pipe (the British Pipesmokers' Council voted him Pipe Smoker of the Year in 1965 and Pipeman of the Decade in 1976, though in private he preferred cigars), his love of simple cooking and fondness for popular British relish HP Sauce, and his support for his home town's football team, Huddersfield Town. Overall, historians evaluate Wilson as having led the Labour Party through difficult political issues with considerable skill. "Lyndon Johnson, Harold Wilson and the Vietnam War: A Not So Special Relationship?." [39] Girobank was a long-term success, surviving until 2003. Mai 1995) war von Oktober 1964 bis Juni 1970 zweimal Premierminister des Vereinigten Königreichs und erneut von März 1974 bis April 1976. [3] 1938–1939 samarbetade han i Oxford med William Beveridge i dennes studier inför Beveridgerapporten (1942) som bland annat förespråkade socialförsäkringar. In 1966, the system of National Assistance (a social assistance scheme for the poor) was overhauled and renamed Supplementary Benefit. [35] In addition, mainly as a result of big increases in cash benefits, unemployed persons and large families gained more in terms of real disposable income than the rest of the population during Wilson's time in office.[48]. The new Act laid down that people who satisfied its conditions were entitled to these noncontributory benefits. Mary Wilson became a published poet. In retrospect Wilson has been widely criticised for not devaluing earlier, however, he believed there were strong arguments against it, including the fear that it would set off a round of competitive devaluations, and concern about the impact price rises following a devaluation would have on people on low incomes. He is the subject of many biographies (both light and serious) and academic analyses of his career and various aspects of the policies pursued by the governments he led. An entry attempt was vetoed in 1963 by French President Charles de Gaulle. His choice of appointments caused lasting damage to his reputation, worsened by the suggestion that the first draft of the list had been written by his political secretary Marcia Williams on lavender notepaper (it became known as the "Lavender List"). [145], In 1963, Soviet defector Anatoliy Golitsyn is said to have secretly claimed that Wilson was a KGB agent. In the midst of this, Wilson called a snap election in 1966, which Labour won by a landslide. [45] These measures had a major impact on the living standards of low-income Britons, with disposable incomes rising faster for low-income groups than for high-income groups during the 1960s. Economic conditions during the 1970s were becoming more difficult for Britain and many other western economies as a result of the ending of the Bretton Woods Agreement and the 1973 oil crisis, and the Heath government in its turn was buffeted by economic adversity and industrial unrest (notably including confrontation with the coalminers which led to the Three-Day Week) towards the end of 1973, and on 7 February 1974 (with the crisis still ongoing) Heath called a snap election for 28 February.[118]. Wilson was the Leader of the Labour Party from 1963 to 1976, and was a Member of Parliament (MP) from 1945 to 1983. [34] Faith in indicative planning as a pathway to growth,[37] embodied in the DEA and Mintech, was at the time by no means confined to the Labour Party. Wilson was the Leader of the Labour Party from 1963 to 1976, and was a Member of Parliament (MP) from 1945 to 1983. He coined the term "Gnomes of Zürich" to ridicule Swiss bankers for selling Britain short and pushing the pound down by speculation. Wilson agreed to be adopted as the candidate immediately rather than delay until the election was called, and was therefore compelled to resign from his position in the Civil Service. "[34], A new Ministry of Overseas Development was established, with its greatest success at the time being the introduction of interest-free loans for the poorest countries. (Please bring balloons) rip lil bro (Papa) God got you now ! The New Towns Acts of 1965 and 1968 together gave the government the authority (through its ministries) to designate any area of land as a site for a new town. Valförlusten blev en överraskning för Labour eftersom opinionsundersökningarna hade förutspått en knapp seger. This speech did much to set Wilson's reputation as a technocrat not tied to the prevailing class system. ), "1966: Doctors and dentists get huge pay rise", "Warr & Co Chartered Accountants – Article – Changes To Capital Gains Tax", "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)", "IFS: Long-Term trends in British Taxation and Spending", "Legislation & policy: mineral ownership | Planning | MineralsUK", "Marriage: legitimacy and adoption – UK Parliament", Clause 14, ALTERATIONS OF PERSONAL RELIEFS (Hansard, 27 May 1970), "BBC ON THIS DAY | 7 | 1974: Heath calls snap election over miners", "May 1972 | Ireland: The View from Dublin", "Britain offered Gaddafi £14m to stop supporting the IRA", "Wilson 'may have had Alzheimer's when he resigned, https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C3025, House of Commons Hansard Debates for 23 November 1988, "Allegations No.10 was bugged by MI5 'removed' from official history", "The Right Honourable Sir Harold Wilson (1916–1995), Lord Wilson of Rievaulx, Fellow, Prime Minister (1964–1970 & 1974–1976)", "UK PoliticsPipeless Wilson immortalised in bronze", "Honorary graduates - University of Huddersfield", "Former Chancellors - University of Bradford", "Honorary Graduates - Lancaster University", "Honorary Degrees Committee – List of Honorary Graduates as at 01/10/2019", "Honorary Graduates of the University of Nottingham", "Honorary Graduates - Honorary Graduates - University of Essex", "Clip: Honorary Degree - Open University Digital Archive", "Honorary Doctorate Recipients - Bar Ilan University", Speak for Britain! In the 1945 general election, Wilson won his seat in the Labour landslide. [115] Ultimately, however, the election saw Labour's vote share fall to its lowest since 1935. Although the government recommended a vote in favour of continued membership, the cabinet was split on the issue, and Ministers were allowed to campaign on different sides of the question. Under hans första två regeringar fanns ministerposten teknikminister. Som sædvanlig følger pressen Dronning Elizabeth og den royale familie tæt. A number of nations did not join in with sanctions, undermining their efficiency. Jon Moran, "Conspiracy and contemporary history" at fn 32. challenge to Gaitskell's leadership in November 1960, Labour government, 1964–1970 § Social issues, Labour government, 1964–1970 § Urban renewal, Labour government, 1964–1970 § Social Services and welfare, Labour government, 1964–1970 § Liberal reforms, Matrimonial Proceedings and Property Act 1970, Nurseries and Child-Minders Regulation Act 1948, British warships blockading the port of Beira, referendum on British membership of the European Community (EC), Learn how and when to remove this template message, Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1969, Cultural depictions of British prime ministers § Harold Wilson, "Son of former PM Harold Wilson swaps teaching for a career as train driver", "And you thought your family politics were bad... what's it like to be the child of a politician? Overseas aid suffered from the austerity measures introduced by the first Wilson government in its last few years in office, with British aid as a percentage of GNP falling from 0.53% in 1964 to 0.39% in 1969. "Harold Wilson, the British Labour Party, and the War in Vietnam. For a family with two children in the income range £676 to £816 per annum, cash benefits rose from 4% of income in 1964 to 22% in 1968, compared with a change from 1% to 2% for a similar family in the income range £2,122 to £2,566 over the same period. Education held special significance for a socialist of Wilson's generation, given its role in both opening up opportunities for children from working-class backgrounds and enabling Britain to seize the potential benefits of scientific advances. As a result of the first Wilson government's educational policies, opportunities for working-class children were improved, while overall access to education in 1970 was broader than in 1964. [61] Social security benefits were markedly increased during Wilson's first two years in office, as characterised by a budget passed in the final quarter of 1964 which raised the standard benefit rates for old age, sickness and invalidity by 18.5%. He was the prime minister in the so-called "Swinging London" era of the 1960s and therefore features in many of the books about this period of history. He served as Praelector in Economics at University College between his resignation and his election to the House of Commons. He was later an economic history lecturer at New College, Oxford and a research fellow at University College, Oxford. Die politischen Rivalitäten und Romanzen während der Regentschaft von Elizabeth II. Wilson in opposition showed political ingenuity in devising a position that both sides of the party could agree on, opposing the terms negotiated by Heath but not membership in principle. Elizabeth (Olivia Colman) macht sich Sorgen, als der Parteivorsitzende der Labour Party Harold Wilson (Jason Watkins) Premierminister wird. According to the historian, Dominic Sandbrook: In its commitment to social services and public welfare, the Wilson government put together a record unmatched by any subsequent administration, and the mid-sixties are justifiably seen as the 'golden age' of the welfare state. [146] The majority of intelligence officers did not believe that Golitsyn was credible in this and various other claims, but a significant number did (most prominently James Jesus Angleton, Deputy Director of Operations for Counter-Intelligence at the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency) and factional strife broke out between the two groups. The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom is the leader of Her Majesty's Government and chairs Cabinet meetings. I’m not sure about the last decade but the last year or so have certainly seen a change at Wilson. Yet, despite those restraints and the need to transfer resources from domestic expenditure, private and public, to the needs of our export markets, we carried through an expansion in the social services, health, welfare and housing, unparalleled in our history. Elizabeth trækker modvilligt på Margaret for at vinde præsident Johnson for sig, da Storbritannien har brug for finansiel støtte fra USA. Roy Jenkins has suggested that Wilson may have been motivated partly by the distaste for politics felt by his loyal and long-suffering wife, Mary. Wilson's policy angered the left-wing of his Labour Party, who opposed the Vietnam War. His widow, Mary requested that the eight-foot-tall monument did not show Wilson holding his famous pipe as she feared it would make the representation a caricature.[158]. The first, unveiled by the then Prime Minister Tony Blair in July 1999, stands outside Huddersfield railway station in St George's Square, Huddersfield. His first period as Prime Minister saw a period of low unemployment and relative economic prosperity, although this would later become hindered by significant problems with Britain's external balance of payments. Labour won the 1964 general election with a narrow majority of four seats, and Wilson became prime minister, the youngest person to hold that office since Lord Rosebery 70 years earlier. ", Vickers, Rhiannon. He is the author of a number of books. [35], The Travel Concessions Act of 1964, one of the first Acts passed by the First Wilson Government, provided concessions to all pensioners travelling on buses operated by municipal transport authorities. "Le contrat dans les pays anglo-saxons: théories et pratiques" by Jean-Louis Breteau. "A question of leadership: July 1966 and Harold Wilson's European decision. These changes not only led to higher morale, but also resulted in the increased use of ancillary staff and nursing attachments, growth in the number of health centres and group practices, and a boost in the modernisation of practices in terms of equipment, appointment systems, and buildings. Wilson was not especially active in the House of Lords, although he did initiate a debate on unemployment in May 1984. On the same basis, taking geographical areas of need, a package was developed by the government which resembled a miniature poverty programme. After Labour's defeat at the 1955 election, Wilson joined the Shadow Cabinet as Shadow Chancellor, and was moved to the role of Shadow Foreign Secretary in 1961. [77] Central government expenditure on roads went up from £125 million in 1963/64 to £225 million in 1967/68, while a number of road safety regulations were introduced, covering seat belts, lorry drivers' hours, car and lorry standards, and an experimental 70 mile per hour speed limit. Most of these improvements, such as for nurses, came in the pay settlements of 1970. Along with neighbouring new development Callaghan Drive (named after James Callaghan), it formed part of a large housing estate developed since the 1960s where all streets were named after former prime ministers or senior parliamentary figures. James Harold Wilson, Baron Wilson of Rievaulx, KG OM PC FRS FSS, född 11 mars 1916 i Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, död 24 maj 1995 i London, var en brittisk nationalekonom och politiker (Labour). He added: "He also brought in a whole new culture, a whole new country. This additional expenditure provided for an energetic revival of a policy of building health centres for GPs, extra pay for doctors who served in areas particularly short of them, significant growth in hospital staffing, and a significant increase in a hospital building programme. [2][3] Han var premiärminister 1964–1970 och 1974–1976. He largely retained his Yorkshire accent. From 1966 to 1970, the proportion of children in comprehensive schools increased from about 10% to over 30%.[46]. [49] The Mines and Quarries (Tips) Act 1969, passed in response to the Aberfan disaster, made provision for preventing disused tips from endangering members of the public. Overall, public expenditure on education rose as a proportion of GNP from 4.8% in 1964 to 5.9% in 1968, and the number of teachers in training increased by more than a third between 1964 and 1967. Wilson appeared on the show again in 1980. However, though the advice is technically informal, the monarch would create a constitutional crisis if they did not comply. Born in Huddersfield, Yorkshire, to a politically active family, Wilson won a scholarship to attend Royds Hall Grammar School and went on to study modern history at Jesus College, Oxford. At the Labour Party's 1963 Annual Conference, Wilson made his best-remembered speech, on the implications of scientific and technological change. New grants to agriculture also encouraged the voluntary pooling of smallholdings, and in cases where their land was purchased for non-commercial purposes, tenant-farmers could now receive double the previous "disturbance compensation. Historikeren Christopher Andrew har beklaget, at en række mennesker er blevet "forført af Golitsyns fantasier". Wilson's course in intra-party matters in the 1950s and early 1960s left him neither fully accepted nor trusted by the left or the right in the Labour Party. För att finansiera detta höjdes skatterna, och inkomstskatten i det högsta inkomstskiktet ökades till 83 procent. [38], Wilson's record on secondary education is, by contrast, highly controversial. [45] In 1966, five development areas (covering half the population in the UK) were established, while subsidies were provided for employers recruiting new employees in the Development Areas. Southern Rhodesia was not granted independence, principally because Wilson refused to grant independence to the white minority government headed by Rhodesian Prime Minister Ian Smith which was not willing to extend unqualified voting rights to the native African population. [109] In July 1967 Defence Secretary Denis Healey announced that Britain would abandon her mainland bases East of Suez by 1977, although airmobile forces would be retained which could if necessary be deployed in the region. As noted by the historian Kenneth O. Morgan, "In the long term, therefore, fortified by increases in supplementary and other benefits under the Crossman regime in 1968–70, the welfare state had made some impact, almost by inadvertence, on social inequality and the maldistribution of real income". [110], Wilson was known for his strong pro-Israel views. In early 1954, Bevan resigned from the Shadow Cabinet (elected by Labour MPs when the party was in opposition) over Labour's support for the setting-up of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO). Wilson's Prime Minister's Resignation Honours included many businessmen and celebrities, along with his political supporters. Wilson war von 1963 bis 1976 Vorsitzender der Labour Party und von 1945 bis 1983 Mitglied des Parlaments .
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