Winston Churchill Biography . Churchill's government maintained the military response to the crisis and adopted a similar strategy for the Mau Mau Uprising in British Kenya (1952–1960). In this concise biographical account you are about to read, you will learn of all the significant events in the short life of Winston Churchill. Churchill. The matter was kept secret and Churchill went home to Chartwell to recuperate. [257] In June 1935, MacDonald resigned and was replaced as Prime Minister by Baldwin. While he was away, the Eighth Army, having already relieved the Siege of Tobruk, had pursued Operation Crusader against Rommel's forces in Libya, successfully driving them back to a defensive position at El Agheila in Cyrenaica. [118] After the election, he proposed the abolition of the House of Lords in a cabinet memorandum, suggesting that it be replaced either by a unicameral system or by a new, smaller second chamber that lacked an in-built advantage for the Conservatives. [508], While the biographies by Addison, Gilbert, Jenkins and Rhodes James are among the most acclaimed works about Churchill, he has been the subject of numerous others. [305] It was now inevitable that Hitler would attack and probably try to invade Great Britain. [122] Measures included a distinction between criminal and political prisoners, with prison rules for the latter being relaxed. [354], The difficulties in Italy caused Churchill to have a change of heart and mind about Allied strategy to the extent that, when the Anzio stalemate developed soon after his return to England from North Africa, he threw himself into the planning of Overlord and set up an ongoing series of meetings with SHAEF and the British Chiefs of Staff over which he regularly presided. [61] In the same month, he published Ian Hamilton's March, a book about his South African experiences,[62][63] which became the focus of a lecture tour in November through Britain, America and Canada. You ask, what is our policy? [347] On their way back from Tehran, Churchill and Roosevelt held a second Cairo conference with Turkish president Ismet Inönü, but were unable to gain any commitment from Turkey to join the Allies. Young Soldier 1896-1901 [438] Apart from 1922 to 1924, he had been an MP since October 1900 and had represented five constituencies. Viking. [112], To ensure funding for their reforms, Lloyd George and Churchill denounced Reginald McKenna's policy of naval expansion,[113] refusing to believe that war with Germany was inevitable. Planning for Churchill's funeral had begun in 1953 under the code-name of "Operation Hope Not" and a detailed plan had been produced by 1958. [317], Hitler launched his invasion of the Soviet Union on Sunday, 22 June 1941. Domestically, his government emphasised house-building and developed a nuclear weapon. [504][507] During an interview in 1902, while discussing his views on the Chinese, Churchill stated that the "great barbaric nations" would "menace civilised nations", but "the Aryan stock is bound to triumph". They never asked me to delete a word or to skirt around a particular issue. The Ever-Widening War 1941 [455] Using the pseudonym "Charles Morin",[456] he continued this hobby throughout his life and completed hundreds of paintings, many of which are on show in the studio at Chartwell as well as in private collections. Winston Churchill Biographical T he Right Honourable Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill (1874-1965), the son of Lord Randolph Churchill and his American wife Jennie Jerome, was educated at Harrow and Sandhurst. [224] The return to gold is held to have caused deflation and resultant unemployment with a devastating impact on the coal industry. [206] In May, his mother died, followed in August by his daughter Marigold. [472] He was, according to Jenkins, "singularly lacking in inhibition or concealment". It contained Conservatives, National Liberals and a few non-party figures such as Sir John Anderson and Lord Woolton, but not Labour or Archibald Sinclair's Official Liberals. [138] In January 1911, Churchill became involved in the Siege of Sidney Street; three Latvian burglars had killed several police officers and hidden in a house in London's East End, which was surrounded by police. [92] In dealing with southern Africa, he sought to ensure equality between the British and Boer. [65], In February 1901, Churchill took his seat in the House of Commons, where his maiden speech gained widespread press coverage. Of all the cabinet ministers he was the most insistent on the need to resist Germany. On 27 December, the party went on to Marrakesh for convalescence. [341], As 1942 drew to a close, the tide of war began to turn with Allied victory in the key battles of El Alamein and Stalingrad. [108], Churchill introduced the Mines Eight Hours Bill, which legally prohibited miners from working more than an eight-hour day. Item Details . .....with all his idiosyncracies, his indulgences, his occasional childishness, but also his genius, his tenacity and his persistent ability (to be) larger than life, as the greatest ever (occupant of) 10 Downing Street. [479] Jenkins says that Churchill's self-belief was "far stronger than any class or tribal loyalty". Fateful Questions: September 1943 – April 1944 Volume 9. $40.. Churchill, learning that the troops were already travelling, allowed them to go as far as Swindon and Cardiff, but blocked their deployment; he was concerned that the use of troops could lead to bloodshed. Jenkins, however, maintains that Churchill did as well as he could have done in very difficult circumstances, not least the fact that Roosevelt was seriously ill and could not provide Churchill with meaningful support. He supported the creations of the Council of Europe in 1949 and the European Coal and Steel Community in 1951, but his support was always with the firm proviso that Britain must not actually join any federal grouping. The only two candidates were Churchill and Lord Halifax, the Foreign Secretary. [274] On 16 February 1940, Churchill personally ordered Captain Philip Vian of the destroyer HMS Cossack to board the German supply ship Altmark in Norwegian waters and liberate some 300 British prisoners who had been captured by the Admiral Graf Spee. In May 1940, he became Prime Minister, replacing Neville Chamberlain. [247] He returned to Chartwell on 25 September, still working on Marlborough. [438] There has been speculation that he became very depressed in his final years but this has been emphatically denied by his personal secretary Anthony Montague Browne, who was with him for his last ten years. [304] The Wehrmacht occupied Paris on the 14th and completed their conquest of France on 25 June. [456] He also bred butterflies at Chartwell, keeping them in a converted summerhouse each year until the weather was right for their release. Born: November 30, 1874 Oxfordshire, England Died: January 24, 1965 Oxfordshire, England English prime minister, statesman, and author The English statesman and author Sir Winston Churchill led Britain during World War II (1939–45) and is often described as the "savior of his country." [177], Churchill decided to join the Army and was attached to the 2nd Grenadier Guards, on the Western Front. [232] In October 1930, after his return from a trip to North America, Churchill published his autobiography, My Early Life, which sold well and was translated into multiple languages. [190] In the House of Commons, Churchill voted in support of the Representation of the People Act 1918, which gave some British women the right to vote. [192], With the war over, Lloyd George called a general election with voting on Saturday, 14 December 1918. In declining health, Churchill resigned as Prime Minister in 1955, although he remained an MP until 1964. Later that day, he accepted the King's invitation to form a new government, known officially as the National Government, like the Conservative-dominated coalition of the 1930s, but sometimes called the caretaker ministry. [367] Churchill faced some strong criticism for the Yalta agreement on Poland. I think that your biography of Derby [Lord Derby, by Randolph Churchill, Cassell: London 1959] is a remarkable work, and I should be happy that you should write my official biography when the time comes. By w2b6b / February 12, 2021 . Winston churchill was a British politician, statesman, historian and writer, who was born on November 30, 1874, in Blenheim Palace, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom. Of mixed English and American parentage, Churchill was born in Oxfordshire to a wealthy, aristocratic family. [374] On 28 March, he decided to restrict area bombing[375] and sent a memorandum to General Ismay for the Chiefs of Staff Committee:[376][377]. The matter had already been discussed at a meeting on the 9th between Chamberlain, Halifax, Churchill, and David Margesson, the government Chief Whip. [93] He also announced a gradual phasing out of the use of Chinese indentured labourers in South Africa; he and the government decided that a sudden ban would cause too much upset in the colony and might damage the economy. [149] Over the next two and a half years he focused on naval preparation, visiting naval stations and dockyards, seeking to improve morale, and scrutinising German naval developments. [236] Churchill believed that enhanced home rule status would hasten calls for full independence. [498], Contrary to this depiction, Churchill's views on race as a whole were judged by his contemporaries, including within the Conservative Party itself, to be extreme;[499] he once described Indians as "a beastly people with a beastly religion". [337], Churchill had returned to Washington on 17 June. The next day was Victory in Europe Day (VE Day) when Churchill broadcast to the nation that Germany had surrendered and that a final ceasefire on all fronts in Europe would come into effect at one minute past midnight that night (i.e., on the 9th). [140] Although he faced criticism for his decision, he stated that he "thought it better to let the house burn down rather than spend good British lives in rescuing those ferocious rascals". [329], Meanwhile, the Japanese had occupied most of Burma by the end of April 1942. Elected a Conservative MP in 1900, he defected to the Liberals in 1904. [147], In October 1911, Asquith appointed Churchill First Lord of the Admiralty,[148] and he took up official residence at Admiralty House. [385], Churchill mishandled the election campaign by resorting to party politics and trying to denigrate Labour. An added advantage for Britain was that its military assets in those bases could be redeployed elsewhere. [213], After the 1923 general election was called, seven Liberal associations asked Churchill to stand as their candidate, and he selected Leicester West, but he did not win the seat. After the landslide Labour victory, Attlee returned with Bevin as the new Foreign Secretary and there were a further five days of discussion. [41] In October, Churchill returned to England and began writing The River War, an account of the campaign which was published in November 1899; it was at this time that he decided to leave the army. He was obliged to devote most of it to the subject of reform and showed a distinct lack of interest. He spent most of his retirement at Chartwell or at his London home in Hyde Park Gate, and became a habitué of high society at La Pausa on the French Riviera. On 21 January 1942, however, Rommel launched a surprise counter-attack which drove the Allies back to Gazala. [198] He was an outspoken opponent of Vladimir Lenin's new Communist Party government in Russia. For a limited time, get the Winston Churchill Biography for just $0.99. [456] To further this hobby, he joined the Amalgamated Union of Building Trade Workers but was expelled after he revived his membership of the Conservative Party. [345] In November, Churchill and Roosevelt met Chinese Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek at the Cairo Conference (codename Sextant). [449] Other memorials in North America include the National Churchill Museum in Fulton, Missouri, where he made the 1946 "Iron Curtain" speech; Churchill Square in central Edmonton, Alberta; and the Winston Churchill Range, a mountain range northwest of Lake Louise, also in Alberta, which was renamed after Churchill in 1956. [314], In September 1940, the British and American governments concluded the Destroyers for Bases Agreement, by which fifty American destroyers were transferred to the Royal Navy in exchange for free US base rights in Bermuda, the Caribbean and Newfoundland. [207], Churchill was involved in negotiations with Sinn Féin leaders and helped draft the Anglo-Irish Treaty. ‘Surely he has nothing to say to us today?’  Yet in my own work, as I open file after file of Churchill’s archive, from his entry into government in 1905 to his retirement in 1955 (a fifty-year span) I am continually surprised by the truth of his assertions, the modernity of his thought, the originality of his mind, the constructiveness of his proposals, his humanity, and, most remarkable of all, his foresight.”. [87], In the new government, Churchill became Under-Secretary of State for the Colonial Office, a junior ministerial position that he had requested. [141], In March 1911, Churchill introduced the second reading of the Coal Mines Bill in parliament. Incidentally, the name ‘Official Biography’ is somewhat misleading, as Sir Martin Gilbert noted in a 1991 interview with Brian Lamb on C-Span’s ‘Booknotes’: ‘I’m called the official biographer, though to the enormous credit of the Churchill family they’ve never asked to see a single word of what I was writing until the books were printed and bound and ready for sale to the public. All Rights Reserved. He had fully recovered by November. In 1917, he returned to government under David Lloyd George and served successively as Minister of Munitions, Secretary of State for War, Secretary of State for Air, and Secretary of State for the Colonies, overseeing the Anglo-Irish Treaty and British foreign policy in the Middle East. Geboren am: 30.11.1874. Churchill upset the Chinese, exasperated the Americans and was easily led by Stalin, whom he was supposed to be resisting. He was flown home to a London hospital where he remained for three weeks. [208] Elsewhere, he was responsible for reducing the cost of occupying the Middle East,[206] and was involved in the installations of Faisal I of Iraq and his brother Abdullah I of Jordan. [183], Back in the House of Commons, Churchill spoke out on war issues, calling for conscription to be extended to the Irish, greater recognition of soldiers' bravery, and for the introduction of steel helmets for troops. [33] Instead, he allied himself to the Tory democracy wing of the Conservative Party, and on a visit home, gave his first public speech for the party's Primrose League in Bath. He and his cousin, the 9th Duke of Marlborough, demanded and received the surrender of 52 Boer prison camp guards. [348], Churchill went from Cairo to Tunis, arriving on 10 December, initially as Eisenhower's guest (soon afterwards, Eisenhower took over as Supreme Allied Commander of the new SHAEF just being created in London). [187] In July, Churchill was appointed Minister of Munitions. [144] In response to escalating civil strife in 1911, Churchill sent troops into Liverpool to quell protesting dockers and rallied against a national railway strike. Although Churchill expressed doubts on the matter, the so-called Casablanca Declaration committed the Allies to securing "unconditional surrender" by the Axis powers. [241] The Commons debated Dominion Status for India on 3 December and Churchill insisted on dividing the House, but this backfired as only 43 MPs supported him. Passing with a large majority, it established the principle of a minimum wage and the right of workers to have meal breaks. [357], In the end, however, it was the population's demand for reform that decided the 1945 general election. In their respective diaries, Colville said Churchill had broadcast "indifferently" and Harold Nicolson said that, to many people, Churchill came across the air as "a worn and petulant old man". Churchill stood at Epping, but he described himself as a "Constitutionalist". Young Statesman, 1901-1914 by Randolph S. Churchill [109] He introduced the Trade Boards Bill, creating Trade Boards which could prosecute exploitative employers. Two of his most famous works, published after his first premiership brought his international fame to new heights, were his twelve-volume memoir, The Second World War, and the four-volume A History of the English-Speaking Peoples. Churchill’s smoking habit started early. Verstorben am: 24.01.1965. The International Churchill Society (ICS), founded in 1968 shortly after Churchill's death, is the world’s preeminent member organisation dedicated to preserving the historic legacy of Sir Winston Churchill. [269] On 30 September, Chamberlain signed up to the Munich Agreement, agreeing to allow German annexation of the Sudetenland. Volume 19. [341] On 10 November, knowing that El Alamein was a victory, he delivered one of his most memorable war speeches to the Lord Mayor's Luncheon at the Mansion House in London, in response to the Allied victory at El Alamein: "This is not the end. [194] In January 1919, Lloyd George moved Churchill to the War Office as both Secretary of State for War and Secretary of State for Air. Churchill insisted that he did not need bed rest and, two days later, journeyed on to Ottawa by train where he gave a speech to the Canadian Parliament that included the "some chicken, some neck" line in which he recalled French predictions in 1940 that "Britain alone would have her neck wrung like a chicken". [511][512], Churchill has been widely depicted on stage and screen. [226], During the General Strike of 1926, Churchill edited the British Gazette, the government's anti-strike propaganda newspaper. We shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air. [438] Afterwards, the coffin was taken by boat along the River Thames to Waterloo Station and from there by a special train to the family plot at St Martin's Church, Bladon, near his birthplace at Blenheim Palace. He used either "Winston S. Churchill" or "Winston Spencer Churchill" as his pen name to avoid confusion with the American novelist of the same name, with whom he struck up a friendly correspondence. [21] Churchill proceeded to New York City and, in admiration of the United States, wrote to his mother about "what an extraordinary people the Americans are! [139] Churchill stood with the police though he did not direct their operation. These included personal friends like Lord Beaverbrook and Frederick Lindemann, who became the government's scientific advisor. [30] In another letter to one of his cousins, he referred to religion as "a delicious narcotic" and expressed a preference for Protestantism over Roman Catholicism because he felt it "a step nearer Reason". Name: Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill. At the Admiralty July 1914-April 1915 [379] Afterwards, Churchill went to Buckingham Palace where he appeared on the balcony with the Royal Family before a huge crowd of celebrating citizens. [69] In this context, Churchill later wrote that he "drifted steadily to the left" of parliamentary politics. An indication of Churchill's high esteem in the UK is the result of the 2002 BBC poll, attracting 447,423 votes, in which he was voted the greatest Briton of all time, his nearest rival being Isambard Kingdom Brunel some 56,000 votes behind. By that time, Churchill had won the doubters over and his succession as party leader was a formality. According to General Mark Clark, who later commanded the United States Fifth Army in the Italian campaign, the Americans openly admitted that a cross-Channel operation in the near future was "utterly impossible". He spent most of his time at…
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